obsolete reading  irregular okurigana  archaic  yodan verb (archaic)  yodan verb (archaic)  verb (generic)  intransitive verb  polite language  auxiliary verb 

• to serve (by a superior's side)
• to be
• to do

archaic  auxiliary verb  verb (generic) 

• will (probably)
• intend (to do), will
• should, ought to

usually written using kana alone  auxiliary verb  verb (generic) 

• it seems that ..., it appears that ...
• is like ..., is similar to ...

archaic  auxiliary verb  verb (generic)  irregular ru verb 

• not

auxiliary verb  verb (generic)  suffix 

• not

godan verb  godan verb (archaic)  verb (generic)  intransitive verb  auxiliary verb  archaic 

• to grow wild, to run to waste, to become degenerate
• to become rough (of art, craft, etc.), to lose refinement, to deteriorate (of skill)
• to intensify (of wind, rain, etc.), to become more severe
• to do as one pleases, to amuse oneself, to play around

archaic  expression  auxiliary verb  verb (generic) 

• auxiliary verb indicating past condition or occurrence (e.g. "was", "had been", etc.)

archaic  expression  auxiliary verb  verb (generic) 

• auxiliary verb indicating the speaker's personal recollection or something they've heard (e.g. "was", "wasn't it?", "is said to have ...", etc.)

honorific language  Ichidan verb  verb (generic)  transitive verb  intransitive verb  auxiliary verb 

• to do
• to eat, to drink
• to put on, to wear
• to buy, to purchase
• to take (a bath)
• to ride, to get in (a vehicle), to take
• to catch (a cold)
• to put on (years), to get old
• to strike one's fancy, to please one
• indicates respect

auxiliary verb  verb (generic)  Ichidan verb  honorific language 

• indicates passive voice (incl. the "suffering passive")
• indicates the potential form
• indicates spontaneous occurrence
• used as an honorific for others' actions